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Lattice Semiconductor
25
Data Sheet
November 2006
ORCA Series 3C and 3T FPGAs
Programmable Logic Cells (continued)
PLC Routing Resources
Generally, the ispLEVER Development System is used
to automatically route interconnections. Interactive
routing with the ispLEVER design editor (EPIC) is also
available for design optimization. To use EPIC for inter-
active layout, an understanding of the routing
resources is needed and is provided in this section.
The routing resources consist of switching circuitry and
metal interconnect segments. Generally, the metal
lines which carry the signals are designated as routing
segments. The switching circuitry connects the routing
segments, providing one or more of three basic func-
tions: signal switching, amplication, and isolation. A
net running from a PFU or PIC output (source) to a
PLC or PIC input (destination) consists of one or more
routing segments, connected by switching circuitry
called congurable interconnect points (CIPs).
The following sections discuss PLC, PIC, and interquad
routing resources. This section discusses the PLC
switching circuitry, intra-PLC routing, inter-PLC routing,
and clock distribution.
Configurable Interconnect Points
The process of connecting routing segments uses
three basic types of switching circuits: two types of con-
gurable interconnect points (CIPs) and bidirectional
buffers (BIDIs). The basic element in CIPs is one or
more pass transistors, each controlled by a congura-
tion RAM bit. The two types of CIPs are the mutually
exclusive (or multiplexed) CIP and the independent
CIP.
A mutually exclusive set of CIPs contains two or more
CIPs, only one of which can be on at a time. An inde-
pendent CIP has no such restrictions and can be on
independent of the state of other CIPs. Figure 18
shows an example of both types of CIPs.
Key: C = conguration data.
5-5973(C)
Figure 18. Configurable Interconnect Point
3-Statable Bidirectional Buffers
Bidirectional buffers, previously described in the SLIC
section of the programmable logic cell discussion, pro-
vide isolation as well as amplication for signals routed
a long distance. Bidirectional buffers are also used to
route signals diagonally in the PLC (described later in
the subsection entitled Intra-PLC Routing), and BIDIs
can be used to indirectly route signals through the
switching routing (xSW) segments. Any number from
zero to ten BIDIs can be used in a given PLC.
MULTIPLEXED CIP
A
B
C
O
A
B
C
O
CD
INDEPENDENT CIP
A
B
CD
B
A
=
2
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