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  • 參數(shù)資料
    型號: MMFT960T3
    廠商: ON SEMICONDUCTOR
    元件分類: 小信號晶體管
    英文描述: 300 mA, 60 V, N-CHANNEL, Si, SMALL SIGNAL, MOSFET, TO-261AA
    封裝: CASE 318E-04, 4 PIN
    文件頁數(shù): 22/34頁
    文件大小: 325K
    代理商: MMFT960T3
    9–17
    Reliability and Quality Assurance
    Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
    STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
    Communication Power & Signal Technologies Group
    (CPSTG) is continually pursuing new ways to improve product
    quality. Initial design improvement is one method that can be
    used to produce a superior product. Equally important to
    outgoing product quality is the ability to produce product that
    consistently conforms to specification. Process variability is
    the basic enemy of semiconductor manufacturing since it
    leads to product variability. Used in all phases of Motorola’s
    product manufacturing, STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
    (SPC) replaces variability with predictability. The traditional
    philosophy
    in
    the
    semiconductor
    industry
    has
    been
    adherence to the data sheet specification. Using SPC
    methods ensures that the product will meet specific process
    requirements throughout the manufacturing cycle. The
    emphasis is on defect prevention, not detection. Predictability
    through SPC methods requires the manufacturing culture to
    focus on constant and permanent improvements. Usually,
    these improvements cannot be bought with state–of–the–art
    equipment or automated factories. With quality in design,
    process, and material selection, coupled with manufacturing
    predictability, Motorola can produce world class products.
    The immediate effect of SPC manufacturing is predictability
    through process controls. Product centered and distributed
    well within the product specification benefits Motorola with
    fewer rejects, improved yields, and lower cost. The direct
    benefit to Motorola’s customers includes better incoming
    quality levels, less inspection time, and ship–to–stock
    capability. Circuit performance is often dependent on the
    cumulative effect of component variability. Tightly controlled
    component distributions give the customer greater circuit
    predictability. Many customers are also converting to
    just–in–time (JIT) delivery programs. These programs require
    improvements in cycle time and yield predictability achievable
    only through SPC techniques. The benefit derived from SPC
    helps the manufacturer meet the customer’s expectations of
    higher quality and lower cost product.
    Ultimately, Motorola will have Six Sigma capability on all
    products. This means parametric distributions will be centered
    within the specification limits, with a product distribution of plus
    or minus Six Sigma about mean. Six Sigma capability, shown
    graphically in Figure 1, details the benefit in terms of yield and
    outgoing quality levels. This compares a centered distribution
    versus a 1.5 sigma worst case distribution shift.
    New product development at Motorola requires more robust
    design features that make them less sensitive to minor
    variations
    in
    processing.
    These
    features
    make
    the
    implementation of SPC much easier.
    A complete commitment to SPC is present throughout
    Motorola. All managers, engineers, production operators,
    supervisors, and maintenance personnel have received
    multiple training courses on SPC techniques. Manufacturing
    has identified 22 wafer processing and 8 assembly steps
    considered critical to the processing of semiconductor
    products. Processes controlled by SPC methods that have
    shown
    significant
    improvement
    are
    in
    the
    diffusion,
    photolithography, and metallization areas.
    Figure 1. AOQL and Yield from a Normal
    Distribution of Product With 6
    σ Capability
    Standard Deviations From Mean
    Distribution Centered
    Distribution Shifted
    ± 1.5
    At
    ± 3σ 2700 ppm defective
    99.73% yield
    At
    ± 4σ 63 ppm defective
    99.9937% yield
    At
    ± 5σ 0.57 ppm defective
    99.999943% yield
    At
    ± 6σ 0.002 ppm defective
    99.9999998% yield
    66810 ppm defective
    93.32% yield
    6210 ppm defective
    99.379% yield
    233 ppm defective
    99.9767% yield
    3.4 ppm defective
    99.99966% yield
    –6
    σ –5σ –4σ –3σ –2σ –1σ 01σ 2σ 3σ 4σ 5σ 6σ
    To better understand SPC principles, brief explanations
    have been provided. These cover process capability,
    implementation, and use.
    PROCESS CAPABILITY
    One goal of SPC is to ensure a process is CAPABLE.
    Process capability is the measurement of a process to
    produce products consistently to specification requirements.
    The purpose of a process capability study is to separate the
    inherent RANDOM
    VARIABILITY
    from ASSIGNABLE
    CAUSES. Once completed, steps are taken to identify and
    eliminate the most significant assignable causes. Random
    variability is generally present in the system and does not
    fluctuate. Sometimes, the random variability is due to basic
    limitations
    associated
    with
    the
    machinery,
    materials,
    personnel skills, or manufacturing methods. Assignable
    cause inconsistencies relate to time variations in yield,
    performance, or reliability.
    Traditionally, assignable causes appear to be random due
    to the lack of close examination or analysis. Figure 2 shows
    the impact on predictability that assignable cause can have.
    Figure 3 shows the difference between process control and
    process capability.
    A process capability study involves taking periodic samples
    from
    the
    process
    under
    controlled
    conditions.
    The
    performance characteristics of these samples are charted
    against time. In time, assignable causes can be identified and
    engineered out. Careful documentation of the process is the
    key to accurate diagnosis and successful removal of the
    assignable causes. Sometimes, the assignable causes will
    remain unclear, requiring prolonged experimentation.
    Elements which measure process variation control and
    capability are Cp and Cpk, respectively. Cp is the specification
    width divided by the process width or Cp = (specification
    width) / 6
    σ. Cpk is the absolute value of the closest
    specification value to the mean, minus the mean, divided by
    half the process width or Cpk =
    closest specification – X/3σ.
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