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Data Sheet
AD9548
Rev. E | Page 41 of 112
of runt pulses and ensure that outputs with the same divide
ratios become active/inactive in unison.
Output Mode
The user has independent control of the operating mode of
each of the four output channels via the distribution channel
modes register (Address 0x0404 to Address 0x0407). The
operating mode control includes
Logic family and pin functionality
Output drive strength
Output polarity
The three least significant bits of each of the four distribution
channel mode registers comprise the mode bits. The mode
value selects the desired logic family and pin functionality of an
Table 24. Output Channel Logic Family and Pin Functionality
Mode Bits [2:0]
Logic Family and Pin Functionality
000
CMOS (both pins)
001
CMOS (positive pin); tristate (negative pin)
010
Tristate (positive pin); CMOS (negative pin)
011
Tristate (both pins)
100
LVDS
101
LVPECL
110
Unused
111
Unused
Regardless of the selected logic family, each is capable of dc
operation. However, the upper frequency is limited by the load
conditions, drive strength, and impedance matching inherent in
each logic family. Practical limitations set the maximum CMOS
frequency to approximately 250 MHz, whereas LVPECL and
LVDS are capable of 725 MHz.
In addition to the three mode bits, each of the four distribution
channel mode registers includes the following control bits:
Polarity invert
CMOS phase invert
Drive strength
The polarity invert bit enables the user to choose between
normal polarity and inverted polarity. Normal polarity is the
default state. Inverted polarity reverses the representation of
Logic 0 and Logic 1 regardless of the logic family.
The CMOS phase invert bit applies only when the mode bits
select the CMOS logic family. In CMOS mode, both output pins
of the channel have a dedicated CMOS driver. By default, both
drivers deliver identical signals. However, setting the CMOS
phase invert bit causes the signal on an OUTxN pin to be the
opposite of the signal appearing on the OUTxP pin.
The drive strength bit allows the user to control whether the output
uses weak (0) or strong (1) drive capability (applies to CMOS
and LVDS but not LVPECL). For the CMOS family, the strong
setting implies normal CMOS drive capability, whereas the
weak setting implies low capacitive loading and allows for reduced
EMI. For the LVDS family, the weak setting provides 3.5 mA
drive current for standard LVDS operation, whereas the strong
setting provides 7 mA for double terminated or double voltage
LVDS operation. Note that 3.5 mA and 7 mA are the nominal
drive current values when using the internal current setting resistor.
Output Current Control with an External Resistor
By default, the output drivers have an internal current setting
resistor (3.12 kΩ nominal) that establishes the nominal drive
current for the LVDS and LVPECL operating modes. Instead of
using the internal resistor, the user can set the external distribution
resistor bit (Register 0x0400, Bit 5) and connect an external resistor
to the OUT_RSET pin. Note that this feature supports an
external resistor value of 3.12 kΩ only, allowing for tighter
control of the output current than is possible by using the
internal current setting resistor. However, if the user elects to
use a nonstandard external resistance, the following equations
provide the output drive current as a function of the external
resistance (R):
R
I
LVDS
8325
.
10
0 =
R
I
LVDS
665
.
21
1 =
R
I
LVPECL
76
.
24
=
The numeric subscript associated with the LVDS output current
corresponds to the logic state of the drive strength bit in the
distribution channel modes register (Address 0x0404 to
Address 0407). For R = 3.12 kΩ, the equations yield ILVDS0 = 3.5 mA,
ILVDS1 = 7.0 mA, and ILVPECL = 8.0 mA. Note that the device
maintains a constant 1.238 V (nominal) across the external resistor.
Clock Distribution Synchronization
A block diagram of the distribution synchronization
functionality appears in
Figure 49. The synchronization
sequence begins with the primary synchronization signal,
which ultimately results in delivery of a synchronization strobe
to the clock distribution logic.
As indicated, the primary synchronization signal originates
from four possible sources.
Direct sync source via the sync distribution bit (Register
0x0A02, Bit 1)
Automatic sync source based on frequency or phase lock
detection as controlled via the automatic synchronization
register (Address 0x0403)
Multifunction pin sync source via one of the multifunction
pins (M0 to M7)
EEPROM sync source via the EEPROM
All four sources of the primary synchronization signal are logic
OR’ed, so any one of them can synchronize the clock
distribution output at any time. When using the multifunction
pins, the synchronization event is the falling edge of the selected
signal. When using the sync distribution bit, the user sets and