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SBAS291C AUGUST 2003 REVISED DECEMBER 2004
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30
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
This section provides practical information for system and
hardware engineers that are designing in the PCM4104.
BASIC CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
Figure 19 and Figure 20 show typical circuit configurations
for the PCM4104 operated in Standalone and Software
modes. Power supply bypass and reference decoupling
capacitors should be placed as close to the corresponding
PCM4104 pins as possible. A common ground is shown in
both figures, with the analog and digital ground pins
connected to a common plane. Separate power supplies
are utilized for the analog and digital sections, with +5V
required for the PCM4104 analog supplies and +3.3V
required for the digital supply.
The +5V analog supply may be derived from a higher
valued, positive analog power supply using a linear
voltage regulator, such as the REG103 available from
Texas Instruments. The +3.3V digital supply can be
derived from a primary +5V digital supply using a linear
voltage regulator, such as the REG1117, also from TI. The
PCM4104EVM evaluation module provides an example of
how the common ground with separate supply approach
can be successfully implemented. The PCM4104EVM
User’s Guide includes schematics and PCB layout plots
for reference. The evaluation module is available through
Texas Instruments’ distributors and sales representatives,
or may be ordered online through the TI eStore, which can
be
accessed
through
the
http://www.ti.com
.
TI
home
page
at
The master clock generator supplies the system clock for
the PCM4104, as well as the audio data source, such as
a digital signal processor. The LRCK and BCK audio
clocks should be derived from the system clock, in order
to ensure synchronous operation.
ANALOG OUTPUT FILTER CIRCUITS
An external output filter is recommended for each
differential output pair. The external output filter further
reduces the out-of-band noise energy produced by the
delta-sigma modulator, while providing band limiting
suitable for audio reproduction. A 2nd-order Butterworth
low-pass filter circuit with a 3dB corner frequency from
50kHz to 180kHz is recommended.
The configuration of the output filter circuit is dependent
upon whether a single-ended or differential output is
required. Single-ended outputs are commonly used in
consumer playback systems, while differential or balanced
outputs are used in many professional audio applications,
such as recording or broadcast studios and live sound
systems.
Figure 21 illustrates an active filter circuit that uses a single
op amp to provide both 2nd-order low-pass filtering and
differential to single-ended signal conversion. This circuit
is used on the PCM4104EVM evaluation circuit and meets
the published typical Electrical Characteristics for dynamic
performance. The single-ended output is convenient for
connecting to both headphone and power amplifiers when
used for listening tests.
The quality of the op amp used is this circuit is important,
as many devices will degrade the dynamic range and/or
total
harmonic
distortion
specifications for the PCM4104. An NE5534A is shown in
Figure 21 and provides both low noise and distortion.
Bipolar input op amps with equivalent specifications
should produce similar measurement results. Devices that
exhibit higher equivalent input noise voltage, such as the
Texas Instruments OPA134 or OPA604 families, will
produce
lower
dynamic
(approximately 1dB to 2dB lower than the typical
PCM4104 specification), while having little or no impact on
the THD+N specification when measuring a full-scale
output level.
plus
noise
(THD+N)
range
measurements
Figure 22 illustrates a fully-differential output filter circuit
suitable for use with the PCM4104. The OPA1632 from
Texas Instruments provides the fully differential signal path
in this circuit. The OPA1632 features very low noise and
distortion, making it suitable for high-end audio
applications.
Texas Instruments provides a free software tool,
FilterPro , used to assist in the design of active filter
circuits. The software supports design of multiple
feedback (MFB), Sallen-Key, and fully differential filter
circuits. FilterPro is available from the TI web site.
Additionally, TI document number SBAF001A, also
available from the TI web site, provides pertinent
application information regarding the proper usage of the
FilterPro program.