3-293
TELCOM SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
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VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY/
FREQUENCY-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTERS
TC9400
TC9401
TC9402
Output Common
The sources of both the Freq/2 out and the Pulse Freq
Out are connected to this pin. An output level swing from the
drain voltage to ground or to the V
SS
supply may be obtained
by connecting this pin to the appropriate point.
R
BIAS
An external resistor, connected to V
SS
, sets the bias
point for the TC9400. Specifications for the TC9400 are
based on R
BIAS
= 100k
±
10%, unless otherwise noted.
Increasing the maximum frequency of the TC9400
beyond 100kHz is limited by the pulse width of the Pulse
Output (typically 3
μ
sec). Reducing R
BIAS
will decrease the
pulse width and increase the maximum operating frequency,
but linearity errors will also increase. R
BIAS
can be reduced
to 20k
, which will typically produce a maximum full scale
frequency of 500kHz.
Amplifier Out
The output stage of the operational amplifier. During
V/F operation, a negative-going ramp signal is available at
this pin. In the F/V mode, a voltage proportional to the
frequency input is generated.
Zero Adjust
This pin is the noninverting input of the operational
amplifier. The low-frequency set point is determined by
adjusting the voltage at this pin.
I
IN
The inverting input of the operational amplifier and the
summing junction when connected in the V/F mode. An
input current of 10
μ
A is specified, but an overrange current
up to 50
μ
A can be used without detrimental effect to the
circuit operation. I
IN
connects the summing junction of an
operational amplifier. Voltage sources cannot be attached
directly, but must be buffered by external resistors.
V
REF
A reference voltage from either a precision source or the
V
SS
supply is applied to this pin. Accuracy of the TC9400 is
dependent on the voltage regulation and temperature char-
acteristics of the reference circuitry.
Since the TC9400 is a charge balancing V/F converter,
the reference current will be equal to the input current. For
this reason, the DC impedance of the reference voltage
source must be kept low enough to prevent linearity errors.
For linearity of 0.01%, a reference impedance of 200
or
less is recommended. A 0.1
μ
F bypass capacitor should be
connected from V
REF
to ground.
V
REF
Out
The charging current for C
REF
is supplied through this
pin. When the op amp output reaches the threshold level,
this pin is internally connected to the reference voltage and
a charge, equal to V
REF
x C
REF
, is removed from the
integrator capacitor. After about 3
μ
sec, this pin is internally
connected to the summing junction of the op amp to dis-
charge C
REF
. Break-before-make switching ensures that
the reference voltage is not directly applied to the summing
junction.
V/F CONVERTER DESIGN INFORMATION
Input/Output Relationships
The output frequency (f
OUT
) is related to the analog input
voltage (V
IN
) by the transfer equation:
V
R
IN
Frequency out =
×
External Component Selection
R
IN
The value of this component is chosen to give a full-
scale input current of approximately 10
μ
A:
R
IN
.
Example:
Note that the value is an approximation and the exact
relationship is defined by the transfer equation. In practice,
the value of R
IN
typically would be trimmed to obtain full-
scale frequency at V
IN
full scale (see "Adjustment Proce-
dure"). Metal film resistors with 1% tolerance or better are
recommended for high-accuracy applications because of
their thermal stability and low-noise generation.
C
INT
The exact value is not critical but is related to C
REF
by
the relationship:
3C
REF
≤
C
INT
≤
10 C
REF
.
Improved stability and linearity are obtained when
C
INT
≤
4C
REF
. Low-leakage types are recommended,
although mica and ceramic devices can be used in applica-
tions where their temperature limits are not exceeded.
Locate as close as possible to pins 12 and 13.
1
(V
REF
) (C
REF
)
V
IN
Full Scale
10
μ
A
R
IN
10V
.
10
μ
A