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參數(shù)資料
| 型號： | MC12179 |
| 廠商： | Motorola, Inc. |
| 英文描述： | 500 - 2800 MHz Single Channel Frequency Synthesizer |
| 中文描述： | 500 - 2800兆赫頻率合成器的單頻道 |
| 文件頁數(shù)： | 5/11頁 |
| 文件大小： | 353K |
| 代理商： | MC12179 |
5
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
CI
CAMP
CSTRAY
C1
C1
C2
C2
Provided the crystal and associated components are
located immediately next to the IC, thus minimizing the stray
capacitance, the combined value of CAMP and CSTRAY is
approximately 5pF. Note that the location of the OSCin and
OSCout pins at the end of the package, facilitates placing the
crystal, resistor and the C1 and C2 capacitors very close to
the device. Usually, one of the capacitors is in parallel with an
adjustable capacitor used to trim the frequency of oscillation.
It is important that the total external (to the IC) capacitance
seen by either OSCin or OSCout, be no greater than 30pF.
In operation, the crystal oscillator will start up with the
application of power. If the crystal is in a can that is not
grounded it is often possible to monitor the frequency of
oscillation by connecting an oscilloscope probe to the can;
this technique minimizes any disturbance to the circuit. If a
malfunction is indicated, a high impedance, low capacitance,
FET probe may be connected to either OSCin or OSCout.
Signals typically seen at those points will be very nearly
sinusoidal with amplitudes of roughly 300 to 600 mVpp.
Some distortion is inevitable and has little bearing on the
accuracy of the signal going to the phase detector.
Loop Filter Design
Because the device is designed for a non–frequency agile
synthesizer (i.e., how fast it tunes is not critical) the loop filter
design is very straight forward. The current output of the
charge pump allows the loop filter to be realized without the
need of any active components. The preferred topology for
the filter is illustrated below in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Loop Filter
MC12179
Ph/Frq
Det
Chrg
Pump
Xtl
Osc
÷
256
Kp
N
Co
Ro
Ca
Rx
Cx
VCO
Kv
The Ro/Co components realize the primary loop filter. Ca is
added to the loop filter to provide for reference sideband
suppression. If additional suppression is needed, the Rx/Cx
realizes an additional filter. In most applications, this will not
be necessary. If all components are used, this results in a 4th
order PLL, which makes analysis difficult. To simplify this, the
loop design will be treated as a 2nd order loop (Ro/Co) and
additional guidelines are provided to minimize the influence
of the other components. If more rigorous analysis is needed,
mathematical/system simulation tools can be used.
Component
Guideline
Ca
Rx
Cx
<0.1
×
Co
>10
×
Ro
<0.1
×
Co
The focus of the design effort is to determine what the
loop’s natural frequency,
ω
o, should be. This is determined by
Ro, Co, Kp, Kv, and N. Because Kp, Kv, and N are given, it is
only necessary to calculate values for Ro and Co. There are
3 considerations in selecting the loop bandwidth:
1) Maximum loop bandwidth for minimum tuning speed
2) Optimum loop bandwidth for best phase noise
performance
3) Minimum loop bandwidth for greatest reference
sideband suppression
Usually a compromise is struck between these 3 cases,
however, for the fixed frequency application, minimizing the
tuning speed is not a critical parameter.
To specify the loop bandwidth for optimal phase noise
performance, an understanding of the sources of phase
noise in the system and the effect of the loop filter on them is
required. There are 3 major sources of phase noise in the
phase–locked loop – the crystal reference, the VCO, and the
loop contribution. The loop filter acts as a low–pass filter to
the crystal reference and the loop contribution equal to the
total divide–by–N ratio. This is mathematically described in
Figure 10. The loop filter acts as a high–pass filter to the VCO
with an in–band gain equal to unity. This is described in
Figure 11. The loop contribution includes the PLL IC, as well
as noise in the system; supply noise, switching noise, etc.
For this example, a loop contribution of 15 dB has been
selected, which corresponds to data in Figure 14.
The crystal reference and the VCO are characterized as
high–order 1/f noise sources. Graphical analysis is used to
determine the optimum loop bandwidth. It is necessary to
have noise plots from the manufacturer. This method
provides a straightforward approximation suitable for quickly
estimating the optimal bandwidth. The loop contribution is
characterized as white–noise or low–order 1/f noise given in
the form of a noise factor which combines all the noise effects
into a single value. The phase noise of the Crystal Reference
is increased by the noise factor of the PLL IC and related
circuitry. It is further increased by the total divide–by–N ratio
of the loop. This is illustrated in Figure 6.
The point at which the VCO phase noise crosses the
amplified phase noise of the Crystal Reference is the point of
the optimum loop bandwidth. In the example of Figure 6, the
optimum bandwidth is approximately 15 KHz.
A
A
F
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
For More Information On This Product,
Go to: www.freescale.com
n
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