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LTC3541-2
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APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
W
U
stability,transientresponseandrippleperformancecan
be obtained by choosing an output capacitor value of
10Fto22F.
Typically,oncetheESRrequirementforCOUThasbeen
met, the RMS current rating generally far exceeds the
IRIPPLE(P-P) requirement. The output ripple ΔVOUT is
determinedby:
Δ
Δ
+
V
I ESR
fc
OUT
L
OUT
1
8
wheref=operatingfrequency,COUT=outputcapacitance
and
ΔIL=ripplecurrentintheinductor.Forafixedoutput
voltage,theoutputrippleishighestatmaximuminput
voltagesince
ΔILincreaseswithinputvoltage.
Aluminumelectrolyticanddrytantalumcapacitorsareboth
availableinsurfacemountconfigurations.Inthecaseof
tantalum,itiscriticalthatthecapacitorsaresurgetested
foruseinswitchingpowersupplies.Anexcellentchoiceis
theAVXTPSseriesofsurfacemounttantalum.Theseare
speciallyconstructedandtestedforlowESRsotheygive
thelowestESRforagivenvolume.Othercapacitortypes
includeSanyoPOSCAP,KemetT510andT495series,and
Sprague593Dand595Dseries.Consultthemanufacturer
forotherspecificrecommendations.
Using Ceramic Input and Output Capacitors
Highvalue,lowcostceramiccapacitorsarenowbecoming
availableinsmallercasesizes.Theirhighripplecurrent,
high voltage rating, and low ESR make them ideal for
switchingregulatorapplications.SincetheLTC3541-2’s
controlloopdoesnotdependontheoutputcapacitor’sESR
forstableoperation,ceramiccapacitorscanbeusedfreely
toachieveverylowoutputrippleandsmallcircuitsize.
However,caremustbetakenwhenceramiccapacitors
areusedattheinputandtheoutput.Whenaceramic
capacitorisusedattheinputandthepowerissupplied
byawalladapterthroughlongwires,aloadstepatthe
outputcaninduceringingattheinput,VIN.Atbest,this
ringingcancoupletotheoutputandbemistakenasloop
instability.Atworst,asuddeninrushofcurrentthrough
thelongwirescanpotentiallycauseavoltagespikeatVIN,
largeenoughtodamagethepart.
Whenchoosingtheinputandoutputceramiccapacitors,
choose the X5R or X7R dielectric formulations. These
dielectricshavethebesttemperatureandvoltagecharac-
teristicsofalltheceramicsforagivenvalueandsize.
Checking Transient Response
Theregulatorloopresponsecanbecheckedbylooking
attheloadtransientresponse.Switchingregulatorstake
severalcyclestorespondtoastepinloadcurrent.When
aloadstepoccurs,VOUTimmediatelyshiftsbyanamount
equalto(
ΔILOADESR),whereESRistheeffectiveseries
resistanceofCOUT.ΔILOADalsobeginstochargeordis-
chargeCOUT,whichgeneratesafeedbackerrorsignal.The
regulatorloopthenactstoreturnVOUTtoitssteady-state
value.DuringthisrecoverytimeVOUTcanbemonitored
forovershootorringingthatwouldindicateastability
problem.Foradetailedexplanationofswitchingcontrol
looptheoryseeApplicationNote76.
Asecond,moreseveretransientiscausedbyswitching
inloadswithlarge(>1
F)supplybypasscapacitors.The
dischargedbypasscapacitorsareeffectivelyputinparal-
lelwithCOUT,causingarapiddropinVOUT.Noregulator
candeliverenoughcurrenttopreventthisproblemifthe
loadswitchresistanceislowanditisdrivenquickly.The
onlysolutionistolimittherisetimeoftheswitchdrive
so that the load rise time is limited to approximately
(25CLOAD).Thus,a10Fcapacitorchargingto3.3V
wouldrequirea250srisetime,limitingthecharging
currenttoabout130mA.
VLDO/LINEAR REGULATOR
Output Capacitance and Transient Response
TheLTC3541-2isdesignedtobestablewithawiderange
ofceramicoutputcapacitors.TheESRoftheoutputcapaci-
toraffectsstability,mostnotablywithsmallcapacitors.A
minimumoutputcapacitorof2.2
FwithanESRof0.05Ω
orlessisrecommendedtoensurestability.TheLTC3541-2
VLDOisamicropowerdeviceandoutputtransientresponse
willbeafunctionofoutputcapacitance.Largervalues
ofoutputcapacitancedecreasethepeakdeviationsand
provideimprovedtransientresponseforlargerloadcurrent