1.0 Application Notes
(Continued)
Figure 4 shows the superior distortion performance of
LMC6035/6 over that of the benchmark op amp. The heavy
loading of the circuit causes the A
of the benchmark part
to drop significantly which causes increased distortion.
1.2 APPLICATION CIRCUITS
1.2.1 Low-Pass Active Filter
A common application for low voltage systems would be ac-
tive filters, in cordless and cellular phones for example. The
ultra low input currents (I
) of the LMC6035/6 makes it well
suited for low power active filter applications, because it al-
lows the use of higher resistor values and lower capacitor
values. This reduces power consumption and space.
Figure 5 shows a low pass, active filter with a Butterworth
(maximally flat) frequency response. Its topology is a Sallen
and Key filter with unity gain. Note the normalized compo-
nent values in parenthesis which are obtainable from stan-
dard filter design handbooks. These values provide a 1 Hz
cutoff frequency, but they can be easily scaled for a desired
cutoff frequency (f
c
). The bold component values of Figure 5
provide a cutoff frequency of 3 kHz. An example of the scal-
ing procedure follows Figure 5
1.2.1.1 Low-Pass Frequency Scaling Procedure
The actual component values represented in bold of Figure 5
were obtained with the following scaling procedure:
1.
First determine the frequency scaling factor (FSF) for
the desired cutoff frequency. Choosing f
c
at 3 kHz, pro-
vides the following FSF computation:
FSF = 2
π
x 3 kHz
(desired cutoff freq.)
= 18.84 x 10
3
2.
Then divide all of the normalized capacitor values by the
FSF as follows:
C1’ = C
/FSF
C1’ = 0.707/18.84 x 10
3
= 37.93 x 10
6
C2’ = 1.414/18.84 x 10
3
= 75.05 x 10
6
(C1’ and C2’: prior to impedance scaling)
3.
Last, choose an impedance scaling factor (Z). This Z
factor can be calculated from a standard value for C2.
Then Z can be used to determine the remaining compo-
nent values as follows:
Z = C2’/C2
(chosen)
= 75.05 x 10
6
/
6.8 nF
= 8.4k
C1 = C1’/Z = 37.93 x 10
6
/8.4k = 4.52 nF
(Standard capacitor value chosen for C1 is
4.7 nF
)
R1 = R1
(normalized)
x Z = 1
x 8.4k = 8.4 k
R2 = R2
(normalized)
x Z = 1
x 8.4k = 8.4 k
(Standard value chosen for R1 and R2 is
8.45 k
)
1.2.2 High Pass Active Filter
The previous low-pass filter circuit of Figure 5 converts to a
high-pass active filter per Figure 6
1.2.2.1 High-Pass Frequency Scaling Procedure
Choose a standard capacitor value and scale the imped-
ances in the circuit according to the desired cutoff frequency
(300 Hz) as follows:
C = C1 = C2
Z = 1 Farad/C
(chosen)
x 2
π
x (desired cutoff freq.)
= 1 Farad/
6.8 nF
x 2
π
x 300 Hz = 78.05k
R1 = Z x R1
(normalized)
= 78.05k x (1/0.707) = 110.4 k
(Standard value chosen for R1 is
110 k
)
R2 = Z x R2
(normalized)
= 78.05k x (1/1.414) = 55.2 k
(Standard value chosen for R1 is
54.9 k
)
1.2.3 Dual Amplifier Bandpass Filter
The dual amplifier bandpass (DABP) filter features the ability
to independently adjust f
and Q. In most other bandpass to-
pologies, the f
and Q adjustments interact with each other.
The DABP filter also offers both low sensitivity to component
values and high Qs. The following application of Figure 7
provides a 1 kHz center frequency and a Q of 100.
DS012830-47
FIGURE 4. THD+Noise Performance of LMC6035 and
“Benchmark” per Circuit of
Figure 1
DS012830-48
FIGURE 5. 2-Pole, 3 kHz, Active, Sallen and Key,
Lowpass Filter with Butterworth Response
DS012830-49
FIGURE 6. 2 Pole, 300 Hz, Sallen and Key,
High-Pass Filter
L
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